There is only One cast,the cast of humanity.

There is only One religion,the religion of love

There is only One language, the language of the heart.

There is only One God and He is omnipresent.

Baba

Υπαρχει μονο Μια φυλη,η φυλη της ανθρωποτητας.

Υπαρχει μονο Μια θρησκεια,η θρησκεια της αγαπης.

Υπαρχει μονο Μια γλωσσα,η γλωσσα της καρδιας.

Υπαρχει μονο Ενας Θεος και ειναι πανταχου παρων.

Μπαμπα


Let it be light between us,brothers and sisters from the Earth.Let it be love between all living beings on this

Galaxy.Let it be peace between all various races and species.We love you infinitely.

I am SaLuSa from Sirius

Channel:Laura/Multidimensional Ocean

Ειθε να υπαρχει φως αναμεσα μας, αδελφοι και αδελφες μας απο την Γη .Ειθε να υπαρχει αγαπη

αναμεσα σε ολες τις υπαρξεις στον Γαλαξια.Ειθε να υπαρχει ειρηνη αναμεσα σε ολες τις διαφο-

ρετικες φυλες και ειδη.Η αγαπη μας για σας ειναι απειρη.

Ειμαι ο ΣαΛουΣα απο τον Σειριο.

Καναλι:Laura/Multidimensional Ocean

SANAT KUMARA REGENT LORD OF THE WORLD

SANAT KUMARA

REGENT LORD OF THE WORLD

The Ascended Master SANAT KUMARA is a Hierarch of VENUS.

Since then SANAT KUMARA has visited PLANET EARTH and SHAMBALLA often.SANAT KUMARA is sanskrit and it means"always a youth". 2.5 million years ago during earth's darkest hour, SANAT KUMARA came here to keep the threefold flame of Life on behalf of earth's people. After Sanat Kumara made his commitment to come to earth 144.000 souls from Venus volunteered to come with him to support his mission.Four hundred were sent ahead to build the magnificent retreat of SHAMBALLA on an island in the Gobi Sea.Taj Mahal - Shamballa in a smaller scaleSanat Kumara resided in this physical retreat, but he did not take on a physical body such as the bodies we wear today. Later Shamballa was withdrawn to the etheric octave, and the area became a desert.Gobi DesertSANAT KUMARA is THE ANCIENT OF DAYS in The Book of DANIEL.DANIEL wrote (19, 20):"I beheld till the thrones were set in place, and THE ANCIENT OF DAYS did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool. His throne Always like the fiery flame and is wheels as burning fire. [His chakras.]"A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him.Thousand and thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times and ten thousand stood before him."I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like THE SON OF MAN came with the clouds of heaven, and came to THE ANCIENT OF DAYS, and they brought him near before him."And there was given him dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all people, nations and languages should serve him.His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed." The supreme God of Zoroastrianism, AHURA MAZDA is also SANAT KUMARA.In Buddhism, there is a great god known as BRAHMA SANAM-KUMARA, yet another name for SANAT KUMARA.SANAT KUMARA is one of the SEVEN HOLY KUMARAS.The twinflame of SANT KUMARA is VENUS, the goddess of LOVE and BEAUTY.In 1956, SANAT KUMARA returned to Venus, and GAUTAMA BUDDHA is now LORD OF THE WORLD and SANAT KUMARA is REGENT LORD OF THE WORLD.SANAT KUMARA`s keynote is the main theme of Finlandia by SIBELIUS.


The Ascended Master Hilarion Healing and Truth

The Ascended Master Hilarion - Healing and Truth

The Ascended Master of the Healing Ray

The ascended master Hilarion, the Chohan,1 or Lord, of the Fifth Ray of Science, Healing and Truth, holds a world balance for truth from his etheric retreat, known as the Temple of Truth, over the island of Crete. The island was an historic focal point for the Oracle of Delphi in ancient Greece.We know few of this master’s incarnations, but the three most prominent are as the High Priest of the Temple of Truth on Atlantis; then as Paul, beloved apostle of Jesus; and as Hilarion, the great saint and healer, performer of miracles, who founded monasticism in Palestine. Embodied as Saul of Tarsus during the rise of Jesus’ popularity, Saul became a determined persecutor of Christians, originally seeing them as a rebellious faction and a danger to the government and society. Saul consented to the stoning of Stephen, a disciple of Jesus, failing to recognize the light in this saint and in the Christian movement.jesus had already resurrected and ascended2 when he met Saul on the road to Damascus. And what an electrifying meeting that was! “It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks,”3 Jesus uttered to an awestruck Saul. Blinded by the light that surrounded the form of Jesus, Saul crumpled to the ground. Not only his body but his pride was taken down a few notches that day.This was the most famous of Christian conversions, whereupon Saul became the mightiest of the apostles. Saul took the name Paul and resolved to spread the word of truth throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Paul had inwardly remembered his vow to serve the light of Christ—a vow that he had taken before his current incarnation. Three years after conversion, Paul spent another three years in seclusion in the Arabian Desert where he was taken up into Jesus’ etheric retreat. Paul did not ascend in that life due to his torturing of Christians earlier in that embodiment. In his very next lifetime, Paul was born to pagan parents in 290 A.D. They resided in the same geographical region in which he had lived as Paul in his previous lifetime. As a young boy, Hilarion was sent to Alexandria to study. During this time of study, he heard the gospel and was converted to Christianity.His greatest desire was to be a hermit—to spend his time fasting and praying to God in seclusion. So he divided his fortune among the poor and set out for the desert near Gaza. He spent twenty years in prayer in the desert before he performed his first miracle. God, through him, cured a woman of barrenness. And his healing ministry began.Soon Hilarion was sought out by hundreds who had heard of his miraculous cures and ability to exorcise demons. In 329 A.D., with a growing number of disciples assembling around him, he fled to Egypt to escape the constant flow of people seeking to be healed from all manner of diseases. His travels brought him to Alexandria again, to the Libyan Desert and to Sicily.But his miracles did not only include healings. Once when a seacoast town in which he was staying was threatened with a violent storm, he etched three signs of the cross into the sand at his feet then stood with hands raised toward the oncoming waves and held the sea at bay.Hilarion spent his last years in a lonely cave on Cyprus. He was canonized by the Catholic Church and is today known as the founder of the anchorite life, having originated in Palestine. To this day, those known as anchorites devote themselves to lives of seclusion and prayer. Hilarion ascended at the close of that embodiment. Hilarion, as an ascended master, speaks to us today of the power of truth to heal the souls of men, delivering his word through The Hearts Center’s Messenger, David Christopher Lewis. Current teachings released from Hilarion include the following:

· On the power of healing: Hilarion teaches his students that “[t]he power of healing is within your Solar Source.” He gives his students “an impetus, a spiral of light that you may fulfill your mission…” and exhorts them to “use this spiral of light for the benefit of sentient beings”. —July 2008

· On the power of joy: Hilarion encourages us to “experience the pulsation of joy” and shows each of us the joyous outcome of our life, which is “a life lived in joy.” He assures us, “I will always lead you to your freedom to be joy”. —June 2008

· On the love of truth: Hilarion teaches that the love of truth will enable us to see clearly the light that is within us. He teaches that instead of criticizing, we must go within and eliminate the particles of untruth within ourselves. —February 2008

· On the action of solar light: Hilarion delivers a greater action of solar light to help release all past awareness of lives lived outside divine awareness. He explains his ongoing mission over many lifetimes—to heal by the power of each soul’s recognition of the truth of her own divinity—and pronounces, “I am the messenger of healing and joy to all. May your life as a God-realized solar being be bright-shining ever with the aura of the truth who you are in my heart.” —March 14, 2008

1. “Chohan” is a Sanskrit word for “chief” or “lord.” A chohan is the spiritual leader of great attainment who works with mankind from the ascended state. There are seven chohans for the earth—El Morya, Lanto, Paul the Venetian, Serapis Bey, Hilarion, Nada and Saint Germain.back to Chohan…

2. The ascension is complete liberation from the rounds of karma and rebirth. In the ascension process, the soul becomes merged with her Solar Presence, experiencing freedom from the gravitational, or karmic, pull of the Earth and entering God’s eternal Presence of divine love. Students of the ascended masters work toward their ascension by studying and internalizing the teachings, serving life, and invoking the light of God into their lives. Their goal as they walk the earth is the cultivation of a relationship with God that becomes more real, more vital with each passing day.back to ascended…

3. Acts 9:5 back to kick against the pricks…

The Ascended Master Saint Germain

The Ascended Master Saint Germain

I have stood in the Great Hall in the Great Central Sun. I have petitioned the Lords of Karma to release Dispensation after Dispensation for the Sons and Daughters of God and, yes, for the Torch Bearers of The Temple. Countless times I have come to your assistance with a release of Violet Flame sufficient to clear all debris from your consciousness. Numberless times I have engaged the Love of my Heart to embrace you, to comfort you, to assist you when you have not known which way to turn.

"I merely ask you to keep the watch, to hold fast to the Heart Flame of your own God Presence, to understand that your first allegiance is to the Mighty I AM. That you have no other Gods before the I AM THAT I AM.

through the Anointed Representative®, Carolyn Louise Shearer, February 14, 2007, Tucson, Arizona U.S.A. (10)

Κυριακή 31 Μαΐου 2015

How Nationalism Undermines the European Union "Η ΕΕ οδεύει προς τον "θάνατο"! Το Stratfor αναλύει ποιοι οδηγούν την ΕΕ "στα βράχια"

How Nationalism Undermines the European Union

Analysis   Forecast

  • The loss of economic prosperity has hurt European integration efforts. Member states will now push to devolve power from the European Union to the national level.
  • Nationalist and anti-establishment parties in member states will undermine fundamental EU policy.
  • EU institutions will be able to manage this trend in the short term, but the economy will force Brussels to reshape the European Union.
  • Over time, nationalism will trump European integration and governments will repatriate power for the first time in EU history, leading to the collapse of the union.

On May 29, 2005, French voters rejected a proposed European Constitution in a nationwide referendum. A week later, the Dutch followed suit. This clear rejection of greater European integration was an iconic moment in the history of the European Union. Although it came in the form of a nation-state constitution, the European Constitution would primarily have collated all previous EU treaties into a single document. This symbolic act, plus the granting of more legislative powers to Brussels, would have been a major step toward a unified Europe formulated in the wake of World War II.
A decade since the Dutch and French referendums, the European project is in its deepest crisis. The economic turmoil that began in 2009 and produced the eurozone crisis has awakened nationalist instincts that undermine pan-Europeanism. These centrifugal forces have always been present and, historically, led some members to opt out of certain initiatives. The key difference in 2015, however, is that nations will choose to backpedal on integration — a first in EU history......
continue after the greek text

"Η ΕΕ οδεύει προς τον "θάνατο"! Το Stratfor αναλύει ποιοι οδηγούν την ΕΕ "στα βράχια"

30.05.2015 | 22:00
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Η εμμονική πολιτική της Γερμανίας στην Ευρώπη δύο πράγματα έχει σίγουρα οδηγήσει σε ανάπτυξη. Την οικονομία της -προς το παρόν τουλάχιστον- και τον εθνικισμό στην Ευρώπη. Το δεύτερο…επίτευγμα αρχίζει να γίνεται απειλητικό για το όραμα της Ενωμένης Ευρώπης, η οποία αν συνεχίσει στην ίδια ρότα είναι βέβαιο ότι θα καταλήξει στα βράχια.

Το αμερικανικό think tank Stratfor σε ανάλυσή του επισημαίνει ότι η οικονομική αποτυχία στην προσπάθεια της ευρωπαϊκής ολοκλήρωσης θα οδηγήσει τα κράτη μέλη να πιέσουν για να επανέλθουν εξουσίες που έχουν εκχωρηθεί στην ΕΕ,πίσω στα έθνη κράτη.

Η άνοδος των εθνικιστικών ή ευρωσκεπτικιστικών κομμάτων σ΄ όλη την Ευρώπη είναι δεδομένο ότι θα υπονομεύσει τη θεμελιώδη πολιτική της ΕΕ, σημειώνει και τα θεσμικά όργανά της θα καταλάβουν σύντομα ότι η διαχείριση αυτών των πιέσεων μπορεί να είναι μόνο βραχυπρόθεσμη. Η αποτυχημένη οικονομική πολιτική που προσπαθούν να επιβάλλουν θα οδηγήσει στην αναγκαστική αναμόρφωση της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.



Το Stratfor υποστηρίζει ότι “με τον καιρό, ο εθνικισμός θα είναι φράγμα στην ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση με κυβερνήσεις που θα επαναπατρίσουν ισχύ για πρώτη φορά στην ιστορία της ΕΕ, οδηγώντας στην κατάρρευση της Ένωσης”.

Υπενθυμίζει ότι στις 29 Μαΐου 2005, οι γάλλοι ψηφοφόροι απέρριψαν την πρόταση ενός ευρωπαϊκού Συντάγματος,με εθνικό δημοψήφισμα. Μια εβδομάδα αργότερα, οι Ολλανδοί ακολούθησαν το παράδειγμά τους. Αυτή η σαφής απόρριψη της ευρωπαϊκής ολοκλήρωσης ήταν μια σημαντική στιγμή στην ιστορία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.


Μια δεκαετία μετά απ΄ αυτά τα δημοψηφίσματα , το ευρωπαϊκό σχέδιο βρίσκεται σε βαθύτατη κρίση. Η οικονομική κρίση που ξεκίνησε το 2009 και παρήγαγε την κρίση της ευρωζώνης έχει ξυπνήσει εθνικιστικά ένστικτα που υπονομεύουν την ΕΕ. Αυτές οι φυγόκεντρες δυνάμεις ήταν πάντα παρούσες . Η βασική διαφορά όμως σήμερα είναι ότι τα έθνη θα επιλέξουν να υπαναχωρήσουν από τις απόψεις τους για “ολοκλήρωση” για πρώτη φορά στην ιστορία της ΕΕ.

Ο ανταγωνισμός μεταξύ εθνικισμού και παν-ευρωπαϊσμού βρίσκεται στον πυρήνα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης από τότε που διατυπώθηκε το σχέδιο για πρώτη φορά στη Ρώμη το 1957. Η Ένωση παρουσιάστηκε ως μια προσπάθεια δημιουργίας μιας διεθνούς οντότητας από μια ομάδα εθνών-κρατών που είχαν διαφορετικές οικονομίες ,πολιτικές παραδόσεις και ιστορικές συγκρούσεις. Για να ενοποιήσει αυτά τα κράτη, η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση υποσχέθηκε ειρήνη και οικονομική ευημερία. Η προκύπτουσα οργάνωση ήταν ένα υβρίδιο μεταξύ ενός ενιαίου πανευρωπαϊκού φορέα και μιας κοινότητα κυρίαρχων εθνών-κρατών. Στις επόμενες δεκαετίες, ο ανταγωνισμός , με τον εθνικισμό οδήγησε αρκετές φορές στην επιβράδυνση της διαδικασίας ολοκλήρωσης.

Η πρώτη κίνηση για να επιβραδύνουν την ολοκλήρωση ήρθε μόλις τρία χρόνια μετά τη θεμελιακή Συνθήκη της Ρώμης. Το 1960, ο Γάλλος πρόεδρος Σαρλ ντε Γκωλ έκανε μια πρόταση για την τροποποίηση της Συνθήκης για τη μείωση της ισχύος της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής ώστε αποκεντρωθεί η ισχύς πίσω στα εθνικά κοινοβούλια. Η πρόταση δεν πέρασε λόγω της αντίστασης από άλλα κράτη μέλη, αλλά αποτέλεσε προηγούμενο για άλλες ανάλογες περιπτώσεις.

Το 1965, ο De Gaulle εναντιώθηκε στο σχέδιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής να συγκεντρώσει περισσότερη δύναμη και στο σχέδιο του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου για τη χρηματοδότηση της Κοινής Γεωργικής Πολιτικής. Η Γαλλία δεν ήθελε να χάσει τον έλεγχο αυτής της πολιτικής. Το Παρίσι αποσύρθηκε από το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο και όλες τις επιτροπές του, αναγκάζοντας την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή να εγκαταλείψει την προσπάθειά της, επειδή η γαλλική “έξοδος” θα σήμαινε το θάνατο του ευρωπαϊκού εγχειρήματος. Η ευρωπαϊκή ενοποίηση εισέλθει σε μια μακρά περίοδο στασιμότητας μετά από αυτό, η οποία προκλήθηκε εν μέρει και από την οικονομική ύφεση και την κρίση των τιμών του πετρελαίου τη δεκαετία του 1970.

Στη δεκαετία του 1980, η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση επανήλθε στο δρόμο προς την ολοκλήρωση. Μια εξαιρετικά αποτελεσματική Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή με επικεφαλής τον Γάλλο φιλοευρωπαϊστή Ζακ Ντελόρ είχε τα ηνία την περίοδο αυτή ,από το 1985 έως το 1994. Το τέλος της δεκαετίας έφερε την επανένωση της Γερμανίας και την πτώση του κομμουνισμού, μια σαρωτική ιστορική αλλαγή .Η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση τη χρησιμοποίησε για να πιέσει για “περισσότερη ολοκλήρωση”. Κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου, ο πρόεδρος της ΕΕ ενέκρινε επίσης μέτρα όπως το κοινό νόμισμα ευρώ το 1988 μέσω της Ενιαίας Ευρωπαϊκής Πράξης και της συνθήκης του Μάαστριχτ το 1992.

Ωστόσο, ο εθνικισμός εξακολουθούσε να δυσχεραίνει την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Η Βρετανίδα πρωθυπουργός Μάργκαρετ Θάτσερ δεν δεχόταν αυτά που κρίνονταν ως υπερβολικές εξουσίες των Βρυξελλών . Το 1980, η ίδια , δήλωνε, «θέλω τα λεφτά μου πίσω», κατά τη διάρκεια μιας διαφωνίας με τις Βρυξέλλες για την ρύθμιση των συνεισφορών του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου στην ΕΕ. Η Θάτσερ άφησε πίσω της αυτή τη νοοτροπία στην Βρετανία. Η ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση προχώρησε, αλλά για πρώτη φορά, άφησε μερικά έθνη έξω.

Η απόρριψη του Ευρωπαϊκού Συντάγματος από Γάλλους και Ολλανδούς αποτέλεσαν νέο φρένο,το 2005.

Το 2007, τα περισσότερα κράτη μέλη υιοθέτησαν τη Συνθήκη της Λισσαβώνας, η οποία επαναλάμβανε το κείμενο του Ευρωπαϊκού Συντάγματος γραμμή προς γραμμή. Στα περισσότερα κράτη μέλη, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της Ολλανδίας και της Γαλλίας, τα κοινοβούλια επικυρώσαν τη Συνθήκη. Πολλοί παρομοιάζουν τη Συνθήκη ως μια συμφωνία- κερκόπορτα μεταξύ εθνικών και κοινοτικών ηγετών,η οποία “θρέφει” τα αντιευρωπαϊκά αισθήματα.

 Η σημερινή κρίση της ΕΕ


Λίγο μετά την έγκριση της Συνθήκης της Λισαβόνας, στην Ευρώπη άρχισε μια οικονομική κρίση που εκτροχίασε εντελώς τις προσπάθειες ολοκλήρωσης. Με τα περισσότερα κράτη μέλη της ΕΕ αντιμέτωπα με την ύφεση και την ανεργία , οι εθνικές κυβερνήσεις “διαιρέθηκαν” επί της οικονομικής πολιτικής. Έχουν ταξινομηθεί σε δύο στρατόπεδα: εκείνους που βλέπουν την κρίση ως την καλύτερη στιγμή για οδυνηρές μεταρρυθμίσεις και εκείνων που πιστεύουν στα κίνητρα που θα πρέπει να προηγηθούν των μεταρρυθμίσεων. Η οικονομική ύφεση αποκάλυψε επίσης βασικά προβλήματα όπως ότι η Οικονομική και Νομισματική Ένωση είχε καταστήσει αδύνατο για τα κράτη μέλη να προσαρμόσουν τις επιμέρους νομισματικές πολιτικές τους.

Η κρίση δημιούργησε ευκαιρίες για ευρωσκεπτικιστικά κόμματα . Τον Μάιο του 2014, αυτά τα κόμματα κέρδισαν τις ευρωπαϊκές εκλογές σε πολλά κράτη μέλη, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της Γαλλίας και του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Πιο σημαντικό, αυτές οι νίκες αύξησαν την εθνικιστική ρητορική . Αλλά βέβαια είναι μόνο οι κυβερνήσεις των κρατών μελών που μπορούν να αναγκάσουν τις Βρυξέλλες να επιστρέψουν μέρος της κυριαρχίας σε κράτη μέλη.

Η νίκη του Κάμερον στις βρετανικές εκλογές είναι ένα ακόμη μήνυμα.

Το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο αμφισβητεί ευθέως τις υπάρχουσες πολιτικές και τις αρχές της ΕΕ. Οι επαναδιαπραγματεύσεις που θα ζητήσει ο Κάμερον θα οδηγήσουν σίγουρα πολλά βήματα πίσω την ολοκλήρωση της ΕΕ.

Εάν οι διαπραγματεύσεις μεταξύ του Λονδίνου και της ΕΕ, οδηγήσουν σε μια νέα ευρωπαϊκή συνθήκη, η λαϊκή πίεση σε ολόκληρη την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση θα οδηγήσει τις κυβερνήσεις να διενεργήσουν δημοψηφίσματα. Η δραματικά χαμηλή δημοτικότητα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης θα ήταν πιθανό να οδηγήσει κάποια κράτη μέλη να απορρίψουν τη νέα συνθήκη. Επιπλέον, οι Βρυξέλλες είναι απίθανο να δεχτούν ένα ευρωπαϊκό δημοψήφισμα για μια συνθήκη που θα μπορούσε να υπονομεύσει κάθε εξουσία της ή τα επιτεύγματά της.

Έτσι, οι Βρυξέλλες δεν θα δεχθούν αυτή τη δυνατότητα.Πιθανόν να οδηγήσουν σε βρετανική έξοδο.

Η αντιευρωπαϊκή ώθηση, ωστόσο, πιθανότα θα προκαλέσει μια αντίδραση
. Βρυξέλλες, Βερολίνο και άλλες φιλο-ευρωπαϊκές κυβερνήσεις θα προσπαθήσουν πιθανώς να δημιουργήσουν μια εσωτερική ομάδα κρατών μελών πρόθυμων να προωθήσουν την ολοκλήρωση. Αυτό το τμήμα θα μπορούσε να οδηγήσει σε νέο μοντέλο ένταξης στην ΕΕ. Με ορισμένα πλήρη ενταγμένα μέλη στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και άλλα να είναι “συνδεδεμένα μέλη” που θα επωφελούνται από την ελεύθερη ζώνη εμπορίου, αλλά δεν θα έχουν επίδραση στη χάραξη πολιτικής. Το ζήτημα της γαλλο-γερμανικής συμμαχία θα είναι στο επίκεντρο αυτής της νέας διαμόρφωσης. Η Γαλλία θα μπορούσε να μπει στον πειρασμό να φέρει πίσω την ιδέα της Μεσογειακής Ένωσης, αφήνοντας τη Γερμανία σε μια συμμαχία με τη Βόρεια Ευρώπη.



Integration and Sovereignty

The contest between nationalism and pan-Europeanism has been at the core of the European Union since it was first formulated in Rome in 1957. The union is an attempt to create a transnational entity out of a group of nation-states defined by different economies and political traditions, divided by a history of conflict. To unify these states, the European Union promised peace and economic prosperity. The resulting organization was a hybrid between a unified pan-European entity and a community of sovereign nation-states. In the ensuing decades, these competing visions have continued to clash, with nationalism succeeding several times in slowing the integration process.
The first move to slow integration came only three years after the foundational Treaty of Rome. In 1960, French President Charles de Gaulle made a bid to amend the treaty to reduce the European Commission's power and devolve authority back to national parliaments. The bid failed because of resistance from other member states, but it set a precedent for French resistance to transnationalism when integration undermined France's imperatives. In both 1963 and 1967, the French president vetoed attempts to fold the United Kingdom in the European Union out of fears that London, which France considered to be under Washington's influence, would gain too much power.
In 1965, de Gaulle opposed the European Commission's plan to accrue more power and the European Parliament's plan to direct the funding of the Common Agricultural Policy. France did not want to lose control of this policy because French farmers were the primary beneficiaries. De Gaulle's opposition sparked what came to be known as the "empty chair crisis." Paris withdrew from the European Council and all its committees, forcing the European Commission to abandon its bid because a French exit would have meant the death of the European project. European unification entered a long period of stagnation after that, caused in part by the economic downturn and oil price crisis of the 1970s.
In the 1980s, the European Union emerged from this slump in integration. An extremely efficient European Commission led by French Europhile Jacques Delors oversaw this period from 1985 to 1994. The end of the decade brought German reunification and the fall of communism, a sweeping historical change that the European Union used to push for more integration. During this period, the EU president also adopted measures such as the common euro currency in 1988 through the Single European Act and the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.
However, nationalism continued to hamper the European Union. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher targeted what she deemed Brussels' excessive powers. In 1980, she famously declared, "I want my money back," during a dispute with Brussels to adjust the United Kingdom's EU contributions. Though Thatcher left office in 1990, London built on this legacy by opting out of several EU measures in the early 1990s, including the Schengen area and the Economic and Monetary Union. As a result, European integration progressed but for the first time left some nations out.
The 2005 French and Dutch rejections of the European Constitution brought this slow progress to a halt. The opposition stemmed primarily from the symbolic nature of the document — the public considered the term "constitution" to indicate an attempt to centralize power into a European state at the expense of national sovereignty. In 2007, most member states adopted the Lisbon Treaty, which replicated the text of the European Constitution line by line. In most member states, including the Netherlands and France, parliaments and not popular vote ratified the treaty. Many deemed the treaty a backdoor deal between national and EU leaders, feeding public anti-EU sentiment.

The Current EU Crisis

Shortly after the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty, Europe entered an economic crisis that completely derailed integration. With most EU member states in recession and unemployment rising, national governments became divided over economic policy. They have sorted into two camps: those who see crisis as the best time for painful reforms and those who think stimulus should precede reforms. The economic downturn also revealed key problems caused by integration, most notably that the Economic and Monetary Union had made it impossible for member states to adjust their individual monetary policies.
The crisis opened opportunities for Euroskeptic parties and the local politicians who supported them. In May 2014, these parties won European elections in several member states, including France and the United Kingdom. More important, these victories increased nationalist rhetoric in domestic politics. But ultimately it is only member state governments that can force Brussels to return sovereignty. The May 10 Tory victory in British elections yielded promises from David Cameron for a referendum on EU membership and a renegotiation of the Lisbon Treaty. Euroskeptic parties, such as UKIP, and members of Cameron's own party that cleave to Thatcher's anti-EU legacy motivated such promises.

The Upshot of the Nationalist Surge

Unlike previous drives for national sovereignty, the current wave will actively bring power back to the states instead of simply exempting them from further European integration. Opt-outs were previously the norm. This time, the United Kingdom is directly challenging existing policies and EU principles. Cameron's renegotiations would call for permission to delay benefit payments to new migrants until four years after they enter the United Kingdom, new single market rules and a British exemption to the principle that members should strive toward an ever-closer union. All would be a step back from unification.
The question now is how these policies would be implemented. If negotiations between London and its European partners led to a new European treaty, popular pressure throughout the European Union would force governments to hold referendums. The European Union's current unpopularity would likely cause some member states to reject the new treaty. Moreover, Brussels is unlikely to accept a European referendum on a treaty that would undermine any of its power or achievements.
Thus, Brussels will not accept this possibility. Ensuing negotiations will result in more British opt-outs. But even if British negotiations avoid a near-term EU crisis and keep the United Kingdom in the organization, they will set a precedent for other states to push for increased sovereignty. The United Kingdom is not the only country where anti-establishment parties have emerged.
Meanwhile, EU member states will continue to struggle over the future of specific policies and core values. The Schengen area — the open control of common borders in Europe — is even under attack from France, a founding member. The opposition to Schengen targets the key EU principle of free movement of peoples. The principle of free trade could also come under fire, since many member states criticize German surplus as harmful to their national economies.
The anti-EU push will, however, provoke a reaction. Brussels, Berlin and other pro-European governments will probably try to establish an inner club of member states eager to promote integration. This division could lead to two tracks for EU membership, with some full members becoming entirely involved in the European Union while others become associate members that benefit from the free trade zone but would not have an influence on policymaking. The question of the French-German alliance will be at the center of this reshaping. France could be tempted to bring back the idea of a Mediterranean Union, leaving Germany in an alliance with Northern Europe.
Regardless of its shape, any restructuring of the European Union would require a new treaty. Current European economic optimism is only the result of short-term patterns — a cheap euro and low oil prices. Structural reforms are needed to boost the economy in the long run, but member states are unwilling to implement them because they are unpopular with voters. Consequently, economic prosperity will remain Europe's main challenge. The longer Brussels waits, the harder it will be to convince some member states to engage in integration projects as the prospect of prosperity fades. In the meantime, the temptation of nationalism will influence member states to confront Brussels and repatriate power to their capitals, ultimately meaning the death of the European Union.
Lead Analyst: Julien Freund